How to setup international keyboard in Linux or Unix with Xmodmap and XKB written by (c) Juraj Sipos. The Xmodmap is a file that XFree86 reads in order to give you a keyboard layout. This solution will work for you in setting up any international keyboard for (Debian, RedHat, Mandrake, CorelLinux) Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD and possibly every Unix that uses XFree86. The advantage of this howto is that it is not architecture specific and will work on all other systems.
This documentation is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
| Revision History | ||
|---|---|---|
| Revision 1.6 | 2002-11-19 | |
| Some links added, info on newer Linux versions included, major formatting changes | ||
| Revision 1.5 | 2001-12-03 | |
| Links on internationalization added, info on XKB, troubleshooting, info on newer Linux versions, StarOffice 6 | ||
| Revision 1.4 | N/A | |
| Correction of script for including X Window fonts to StarOffice 5.2 | ||
| Revision 1.3 | N/A | |
| Minor corrections, spell checking and editation made, few more Xmodmap files added; list of what all ISO8859* specifications mean | ||
| Revision 1.2 | N/A | |
| Completely rebuilt, added the possibility to force the system to read Xmodmap; some national Xmodmap files added, more information included on building up the standard Xmodmap files | ||
| Revision 1.1 | N/A | |
| Added copyright information and slight modifications pertaining to newer systems | ||
| Revision 1.0 | 1999-08-01 | |
| initial version | ||
The international keyboard Xmodmap HOWTO. Copyright (C) 1999, 2002 Juraj Sipos ([email protected]). Imagine you use a Linux or a BSD OS and want to write a business letter to a person that has a foreign name with a slash or diaeresis (two dots above a letter). Czech language uses signs like ů and many European languages have their special non-English characters.
This is the Xmodmap Howto, but some info on XKB is included, too. Why Xmodmap? Xmodmap is a little hackers' solution that lets you gain a complete control of a keyboard - you can map the keyboard to almost everything. You can do this with XKB, too, but it's a little dirtier way, albeit a possible one. A good idea is to keep your XKB maps clean and unmodified, so that you don't have to reinstall your Unix box. Xmodmap solution helps you map keyboard to your choice and if something goes wrong, you will be able to use standard X keyboard. Some people also like their own customized keyboard layouts and this HOWTO will explain how to achieve this.
With information in this file you can make your own customized (international) keyboard layouts without installing any additional packages. The following information will help you set up German, Spanish, Italian, Slovak, Czech, Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, French, Finnish, Norwegian, Estonian, Latvian, Swedish and other keyboards. You can also alternatively look at my hompage at http://www.freebsd.nfo.sk to see visual layouts of various keyboards. In case you want to install Greek, Hebrew or Russian language, follow my information and apply changes pertinent to these languages also with respect to other documentation (e.g., install Greek fonts, etc., see the Cyrilic, Hebrew, or Danish howto).
Make your own .Xmodmap file according to information in this file.
Write the following to your .bash_profile in your home directory:
export LANG=language
where "language" is the language you want to use. The languages can be found in the file locale.alias in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale. NOTE: some programs, like Mozilla, don't care about these user's locale settings. Run "exit" command on the console and log in again for Bash to read the statement from its .bash_profile.
Install fonts (best are ISO8859-2 Type1 fonts for Eastern Europe, Czech or Slovak), put them in your font path in the /etc/X11/XF86Config file (on some newer systems this is not necessary). Start X Server (startx). If you use GDM or XDM and your X server is already running, restart X server. Run the command "xmodmap �/.Xmodmap" from the X terminal window to force the system to read the .Xmodmap file. The dot does not have to be there. Name the xmodmap keyboard map whatever way you want. Switch keyboard by pressing a key (it is usually right Alt, Scroll Lock, it depends on how switching is defined in the xmodmap file). That's all. NOTE: This HOWTO is for the X Window System, use of national keyboards on the console is not explained here. If you are desperate, try to issue the commands like:
setfont LatArCyrHeb-14 -m 8859-2
followed by
loadkeys sk
("sk" stands for the Slovak language). Most Linuxes have their own utilities to set up console keyboards).
Provided you have your fonts installed, just open the X terminal window and issue a command: setxkbmap kb, where "kb" is the keyboard layout you want to use, for example:
setxkbmap si
for the Slovenian language
setxkbmap de
for the German language
All the language names you may use are located in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols directory.
Alternatively, if you are using KDE 2.0, open the KDE Start button, click on Preferences, Personalization, Country & Language and choose ISO8859-2 charset. Note that this may be slightly different depending on the Linux or KDE distribution. In newer Linux distributions you don't have to do this anymore; in Slackware Linux 8.1, RedHat 8.0 or Mandrake 9 with KDE 3.0, for example, just open Preferences, Peripherals, Keyboard - choose your keyboard layout and everything should work fine (if you have the fonts pertinent for the language of your choice installed, obviously).
You will see a language icon on the KDE panel. Switch the keyboard (NOTE: this is for XKB, my xmodmap definition uses Scroll Lock for switching, other xmodmap files use Right Alt) and enjoy.
You may alternatively edit the /etc/X11/Xf86Config file as explained in the Danish Howto, or issue this command in an X terminal window for the Slovak keyboard:
setxkbmap -model pc102 -symbols 'czsk(us_sk_qwertz)' setxkbmap cs -option grp:shift_toggle
In RedHat 7.2 and Mandrake 8.1, it is enough to run the following setxkbmap command from an X Terminal Window (assuming you have correct fonts installed):
setxkbmap sk
setxkbmap si
setxkbmap de
qwerty or qwertz means that the letter z Z and y Y are swapped.
To see a variety of language maps (symbols), look in the file symbols.dir in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb directory.
Some X Window managers override .Xmodmap setting. If .Xmodmap isn't read by X automatically after starting the X Window System, a good way is to force the system to read it from your root (home) directory. You will do this by issuing the following command from an X terminal window:
xmodmap �/.Xmodmap
After I installed the Slovak keyboard in KDE with Xmodmap file that used definitions for ISO8859-2 keycode entities (lcaron, scaron, etc.), some changes had to be done in the system in relation to a Linux or XFree distribution. The changes mostly pertained to dead keys that did not work.
Before the year 2000, I used the following way to customize keyboard in X Window System on some Unices. Put the following in your .bash_profile:
export LANG=language
OR
OR for csh shell
setenv LANG=langauge
and have the Xmodmap file in your home directory. If you ask me where you may obtain such Xmodmap files, some are in this HOWTO, or go to GNOME ../share directory. The file /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/locale.alias contains the aliases for langauges, so look there in order to find out what is ca_ES or br_FR (the exact syntax for your language to use - you cannot write "croatia" but you must write "croatian", not "Croatian"; this is very important, as Unix is case sensitive).
Now you must install the pertinent language fonts and put path in XF86Config file to these fonts. If you want to internationalize your keyboard, use the standard Xmodmap definitions first and use right alt to switch between keyboards (if you use GNOME Xmodmap files). If it does not work, do the following:
a) Copy the "Compose" file from: /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/iso8859-2 to: /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/iso8859-1 directory (yes, iso8859-1, not iso8859-2). Back up the original "Compose" file if you want
b) Put the included .Xmodmap file to your root directory (Slovak language, or make your own .Xmodmap file, or choose from the ones listed here).
c) Install ISO8859-2 fonts (or other pertinent fonts).
You may try to issue the command:
xset q
to see which fonts are in your path.
If you want to add fonts in your path from the X Window System, issue the command:
xset fp+ /usr/fonts_path
xset fp rehash
d) Disable every "Scroll Lock" uncommented line in your XF86Config, because our .Xmodmap file for the Slovak language uses the Scroll Lock to switch between keyboards.
e) Put the appropriate fontpath for your newly installed fonts in the XF86Config file, if necessary (Mandrake 7.2 and other OS's may not require this). The Xmodmap solution may be applied to all X keyboards of your choice.
First, I must say that in my solution (in older XFree86 versions), different mapping, if used, appears to work for Xmodmap keycodes for some ISO8859-2 keycode entities. ISO8859-2 definitions (keycode entities) like lcaron, zcaron actually do not work. This means that the ISO8859-1 definitions must be used instead and they will either give you what they say they are (aacute [o?=, eacute [o?=, etc.), or they will not give you what they say they are (using ISO8859-2 fonts, putting "threequarters" in your .Xmodmap file will not give you "3/4" but "z" with a caron, a reversed ^ above it). For example, "mu" will give lcaron, "oslash" rcaron, etc.
However, other key definitions, for example, adieresis (a with two dots above it), uacute (u with a slash above it), as well as dead_diaeresis do not require a substitution of other definitions and work pretty well, as they're defined everywhere (a dead key is a key you press, hold it, yet nothing happens, but after pressing another key you will get a special letter).
The original "Compose" file in ../iso8859-1 directory can be fully utilized for English, Slovak or Czech keyboard layouts (Polish, Hungarian, Slovenian, Croatian) in some older XFree86 distributions, but there is only one problem - dead keys do not work. That's why you have to copy the "Compose" file from the iso8859-2 directory to iso8859-1 directory, or alternatively, you can edit the "Compose" file in iso8859-1 directory.
You can leave the Keyboard section in your XF86Config file without much change. Put (if it's not already there) the following in the "Keyboard" section:
Section "Keyboard"
Protocol "Standard"
XkbRules "xfree86"
XkbModel "pc101"
XkbLayout "us"
Force the system to read the xmodmap map by issuing the command: "xmodmap �/.Xmodmap". Alternatively, you can have 60 .Xmodmap files like .Xmo1, .Xmo2, .Xmo3, .Xmo4, etc., and you may force the system to read them (xmodmap �/.Xmo1). The dot means it is a hidden file and it is not necessary. You may also have xmo1, xmo2, or xmo3 Xmodmap files.
NOTE: If you are using some legacy programs like StarOffice 5.2, they have their own fonts, so Xmodmap solution will not work on older systems immediately with these applications. StarOffice 6.0 handles well conversion to win1250 and vice versa, so you can transport documents to a M$ platform. In my Mandrake 8.0, StarOffice 6.0 was internationalized immediately after using my standard Xmodmap solution. All the fonts worked. However, with StarOffice 5.2 this is not the case. In StarOffice 5.2, you must add X fonts to StarOffice's fonts directory. Here is a script that will do it for you. Cut it, name it "so52", make it executable (chmod +x so52), copy it to the StarOffice5.2/share/xp3 directory and execute it there.
-------------------------------cut_here-----------------------------------
#!/bin/sh
# Put path to your StarOffice here
STAR_OFFICE_ROOT=/mnt/StarOffice5.2
FONTS_DIR=/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/ISO8859-2/Type1
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Don't edit the script here
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
XP3_DIR=$STAR_OFFICE_ROOT/share/xp3
if [ -e $XP3_DIR/psstd.fonts.il2 ]; then
echo "Changes were already done!"
echo "If there's a problem, delete the file"
echo " $XP3_DIR/psstd.fonts.il2"
exit 1
fi
if [ -e $FONTS_DIR/afm ]; then
AFM_DIR=$FONTS_DIR/afm
else
AFM_DIR=$FONTS_DIR
fi
# Link AFM files.
ln -sf $AFM_DIR/*.[aA][fF][mM] $XP3_DIR/fontmetrics/afm
# Link PFB files.
ln -sf $FONTS_DIR/*.[pP][fF][bB] $XP3_DIR/pssoftfonts
grep "\.pf" $FONTS_DIR/fonts.dir \
| sed -e 's/\.pfb /, /g' -e 's/-0-0-0-0-/-%d-%d-%d-%d-/g' \
> $XP3_DIR/psstd.fonts.il2
cat $XP3_DIR/psstd.fonts.il2 >> $XP3_DIR/psstd.fonts
------------------------------------cut_here-----------------------------
StarOffice 5.2 fully recognizes Word97 documents even written in other languages, but a converter from iso8859-2 to win1250 encoding is necessary in order to transport ISO8859-2 documents to M$ platform. For html documents this is not necessary.
StarOffice 5.2 can be thus used by professional translators.
If you want to edit and make your own .Xmodmap keyboard layout definitions, I'll explain one line of the .Xmodmap file to make clear what you should do.
This example can be used for all keycodes. For example, the line:
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk aacute 8
(note: keycode 0x11 is derived from the "xkeycaps" utility; you can also use the X Window "xev" utility to explore keyboard puzzles.)
says that the first pair, the default one, (number "8" and "asterisk") will display number "8" when you press keycode 0x11 ("8"), will display asterisk when a "shift" key is pressed. After pressing the Scroll Lock, there's another definition: ISO_NEXT_GROUP, which means that when you press the default "8" key, no "8" will be displayed, but aacute (�); when you press the "shift" key, number "8" will be displayed. So if you change "aacute" and "8", anything you put instead of "aacute" and "8" will be displayed, for example:
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk semicolon colon
will give you "semicolon" and "colon" in your 0x11 keycode after pressing the Scroll Lock.
The ISO_NEXT_GROUP is defined by another line. If this line is not defined, you will be able to use only two definitions ("8" and "asterisk") - look at my .Xmodmap file. If you delete the ISO_NEXT_GROUP (the next pair of definitions on the right), you will have only one group of keyboard definitions ("8" and "asterisk"). Be careful when editing the .Xmodmap file. You mustn't delete definitions that enable utilization of the Scroll Lock unless you know what you are doing (or you map the second keyboard by right Alt). These are the lines such as:
keycode 0x4e = ISO_Next_Group
add mod5 = ISO_Next_Group,
etc. You must also keep in mind that Unices are case sensitive. If you want to find out more about keycodes, install the package "xkeycaps" or use "xev".
The following symbols on your right is what I found out through my research. This is just an example. When you use a "Pound" definition in the Xmodmap file, the X Window System will display you a Lslash instead (in relation to using iso8859-2 fonts, of course). When you choose some easy KDE text editor, select iso8859-2 fonts charset from the fonts menu. NOTE: vowel *acute (uacute, eacute, etc.) signs require no substitution, therefore I omitted iacute, aacute, etc., here.
ISO8859-1 entity will give you the: ISO8859-2 entity
in our nonstandard or experimental Xmodmap keycode definition
egrave ccaron
ugrave uring
agrave racute
ecircumflex "c" with something at the bottom of it
ucircumflex Lslash "Pound" in Xmodmap gives you Lslash.
Lcaron Writing "yen" will give us Lcaron
Scaron copyright (will give us Scaron)
Tcaron guillemotleft (will give us Tcaron)
Zcaron registered
lcaron mu
scaron onesuperior
tcaron guillemotright
zcaron threequarters
Cacute AE
Eogonek find out yourself
Edieresis Edieresis
ecaron igrave
onequarter zacute
questiondown z with a ring above it
Dcaron find out yourself
Ooblique Rcaron
thorn t with something at the bottom of it
Sterling Lstroke
yen Lcaron
copyright Scaron
brokenbar Sacute
macron Z with something above it
paragraph sacute
periodcentered caron
masculine s with something at the bottom of it
onequarter zacute
ecircumflex d with a line above it
ETH Dstroke
Ntilde Nacute
Otilde O with two dots above it
registered Zcaron
Nacute Ograve
nacute ograve
Ocircumflex Ocircumflex
ccaron egrave
nacute ntilde ------------------------------------------------------------------------
You may use this file as an example to build your own xmodmap keyboard layouts. _______________________cut_here_________________________
keycode 0x09 = Escape
keycode 0x43 = F1 F11 F1 Multi_key
keycode 0x44 = F2 F12 F2 F12
keycode 0x45 = F3 F13 F3 F13 idiaeresis
keycode 0x46 = F4 F14 F4 F14 mu yen
keycode 0x47 = F5 F15 F5 F15 guillemotright guillemotleft
keycode 0x48 = F6 F16 F6 F16 ograve
keycode 0x49 = F7 F17 F7 dead_abovedot oacute
keycode 0x4A = F8 F18 F8 dead_breve acute
keycode 0x4B = F9 F19 F9 dead_cedilla ugrave
keycode 0x4C = F10 F20 F10 dead_ogonek
keycode 0x5F = F11 F21 dead_acute dead_caron
keycode 0x60 = F12 F22 dead_abovering dead_diaeresis
keycode 0x6F = Print Execute dead_iota
keycode 0x4E = ISO_Next_Group
keycode 0x6E = Pause
keycode 0x31 = grave asciitilde semicolon dead_diaeresis
keycode 0x0A = 1 exclam plus 1
keycode 0x0B = 2 at mu 2
keycode 0x0C = 3 numbersign onesuperior 3
keycode 0x0D = 4 dollar egrave 4
keycode 0x0E = 5 percent 0x0bb 5
keycode 0x0F = 6 asciicircum threequarters 6
keycode 0x10 = 7 ampersand yacute 7
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk aacute 8
keycode 0x12 = 9 parenleft iacute 9
keycode 0x13 = 0 parenright eacute 0
keycode 0x14 = minus underscore equal percent
keycode 0x15 = equal plus dead_acute dead_caron
keycode 0x33 = backslash bar ograve parenright
keycode 0x16 = BackSpace
keycode 0x6A = Insert
keycode 0x61 = Home
keycode 0x63 = Prior
keycode 0x4D = Num_Lock Pointer_EnableKeys
keycode 0x70 = KP_Divide slash
keycode 0x3F = KP_Multiply asterisk
keycode 0x52 = KP_Subtract minus
keycode 0x17 = Tab ISO_Left_Tab
keycode 0x18 = q Q
keycode 0x19 = w W
keycode 0x1A = e E
keycode 0x1B = r R
keycode 0x1C = t T
keycode 0x1D = y Y z Z
keycode 0x1E = u U
keycode 0x1F = i I
keycode 0x20 = o O
keycode 0x21 = p P
keycode 0x22 = bracketleft braceleft uacute slash
keycode 0x23 = bracketright braceright adiaeresis parenleft
keycode 0x24 = Return
keycode 0x6B = Delete
keycode 0x67 = End
keycode 0x69 = Next
keycode 0x4F = KP_Home 7 KP_Home
keycode 0x50 = KP_Up 8
keycode 0x51 = KP_Prior 9
keycode 0x56 = KP_Add plus
keycode 0x42 = Caps_Lock
keycode 0x26 = a A
keycode 0x27 = s S
keycode 0x28 = d D
keycode 0x29 = f F
keycode 0x2A = g G
keycode 0x2B = h H
keycode 0x2C = j J
keycode 0x2D = k K
keycode 0x2E = l L
keycode 0x2F = semicolon colon ocircumflex quotedbl
keycode 0x30 = apostrophe quotedbl section exclam
keycode 0x53 = KP_Left 4
keycode 0x54 = KP_Begin 5
keycode 0x55 = KP_Right 6
keycode 0x32 = Shift_L ISO_Next_Group
keycode 0x34 = z Z y Y
keycode 0x35 = x X
keycode 0x36 = c C
keycode 0x37 = v V
keycode 0x38 = b B
keycode 0x39 = n N
keycode 0x3A = m M
keycode 0x3B = comma less comma question
keycode 0x3C = period greater period colon
keycode 0x3D = slash question minus underscore
keycode 0x3E = Shift_R
keycode 0x62 = Up
keycode 0x57 = KP_End 1
keycode 0x58 = KP_Down 2
keycode 0x59 = KP_Next 3
keycode 0x6C = KP_Enter Return
keycode 0x25 = Control_L ISO_Next_Group
!keycode 0x40 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 0x40 = Meta_L Alt_L
keycode 0x41 = space
keycode 0x71 = Alt_R Meta_R
keycode 0x6D = Control_R
keycode 0x64 = Left
keycode 0x68 = Down
keycode 0x66 = Right
keycode 0x5A = KP_Insert 0
keycode 0x5B = KP_Delete period
!keysym Alt_L = Meta_L
!keysym F12 = Multi_key
clear Shift
!clear Lock
clear Control
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
clear Mod3
clear Mod4
clear Mod5
add Shift = Shift_L Shift_R
add Control = Control_L Control_R
!add Mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R
add Mod1 = Meta_L Alt_R
add Mod2 = Num_Lock
add Mod5 = ISO_Next_Group
!add Mod1 =
!add Mod2 = Alt_R Alt_L Mode_switch
keycode 0x73 = ISO_Next_Group
keycode 0x74 = dead_acute dead_diaeresis
keycode 0x75 = dead_caron dead_abovering
_____________________________cut_here_____________________________
You may find almost any xmodmap file in the GNOME directory in (SuSE) /opt/gnome/share/xmodmap (with standard ISO8859-1,2 and other definitions). To switch between the keyboards, use right Alt.
If you want to edit and make your own .Xmodmap keyboard layout definitions, I'll explain one line of the .Xmodmap file to make clear what you should do.
This explanation can be used for all keycodes. For example, the line:
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk aacute 8
(note: keycode 0x11 is derived from the "xkeycaps" utility; you can also use the X Window "xev" utility to explore keyboard puzzles.)
says that the first pair, the default one, (number "8" and "asterisk") will display number "8" when you press keycode 0x11 ("8"), will display asterisk when a "shift" key is pressed. After pressing the Scroll Lock, there's another definition: ISO_NEXT_GROUP, which means that when you press the default "8" key, no "8" will be displayed, but aacute (�); when you press the "shift" key, number "8" will be displayed. So if you change "aacute" and "8", anything you put instead of "aacute" and "8" will be displayed, for example:
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk semicolon colon
will give you "semicolon" and "colon" in your 0x11 keycode after pressing the Scroll Lock.
The ISO_NEXT_GROUP is defined by another line. If this line is not defined, you will be able to use only two definitions ("8" and "asterisk") - look at my .Xmodmap file. If you delete the ISO_NEXT_GROUP (the next pair of definitions on the right), you will have only one group of keyboard definitions ("8" and "asterisk"). Be careful when editing the .Xmodmap file. You mustn't delete definitions that enable utilization of the Scroll Lock unless you know what you are doing (or you map the second keyboard by right Alt). These are the lines such as:
keycode 0x4e = ISO_Next_Group
add mod5 = ISO_Next_Group,
etc. You must also keep in mind that Unixes are case sensitive. If you want to find out more about keycodes, install the package "xkeycaps" or use "xev".
The following .Xmodmap sample file consists of two groups of keyboard definitions you my use in addition to your default or XKB keyboard choice. You may use this file as an example to build your own keyboard maps. This file needs editing for your specific purposes and it's here only as a hint. If you change letters like "y Y" to "t T", you will have "t T", etc. on your keyboard where you normally have "y Y" keys. So you see that thus you can have almost absolute control of your keyboard - something which in Microsoft Windows operating system can only be achieved by special and certainly expensive programs. Use the Scroll Lock to switch between the first and second group of key definitions. _______________________cut_here_________________________
keycode 0x09 = Escape
keycode 0x43 = F1 F11 F1 Multi_key
keycode 0x44 = F2 F12 F2 F12
keycode 0x45 = F3 F13 F3 F13 idiaeresis
keycode 0x46 = F4 F14 F4 F14 mu yen
keycode 0x47 = F5 F15 F5 F15 guillemotright guillemotleft
keycode 0x48 = F6 F16 F6 F16 ograve
keycode 0x49 = F7 F17 F7 dead_abovedot oacute
keycode 0x4A = F8 F18 F8 dead_breve acute
keycode 0x4B = F9 F19 F9 dead_cedilla ugrave
keycode 0x4C = F10 F20 F10 dead_ogonek
keycode 0x5F = F11 F21 dead_acute dead_caron
keycode 0x60 = F12 F22 dead_abovering dead_diaeresis
keycode 0x6F = Print Execute dead_iota
keycode 0x4E = ISO_Next_Group
keycode 0x6E = Pause
keycode 0x31 = grave asciitilde semicolon dead_diaeresis
keycode 0x0A = 1 exclam plus 1
keycode 0x0B = 2 at lcaron 2
keycode 0x0C = 3 numbersign scaron 3
keycode 0x0D = 4 dollar ccaron 4
keycode 0x0E = 5 percent tcaron 5
keycode 0x0F = 6 asciicircum zcaron 6
keycode 0x10 = 7 ampersand yacute 7
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk aacute 8
keycode 0x12 = 9 parenleft iacute 9
keycode 0x13 = 0 parenright eacute 0
keycode 0x14 = minus underscore equal percent
keycode 0x15 = equal plus dead_acute dead_caron
keycode 0x33 = backslash bar ncaron parenright
keycode 0x16 = BackSpace
keycode 0x6A = Insert
keycode 0x61 = Home
keycode 0x63 = Prior
keycode 0x4D = Num_Lock Pointer_EnableKeys
keycode 0x70 = KP_Divide slash
keycode 0x3F = KP_Multiply asterisk
keycode 0x52 = KP_Subtract minus
keycode 0x17 = Tab ISO_Left_Tab
keycode 0x18 = q Q
keycode 0x19 = w W
keycode 0x1A = e E
keycode 0x1B = r R
keycode 0x1C = t T
keycode 0x1D = y Y z Z
keycode 0x1E = u U
keycode 0x1F = i I
keycode 0x20 = o O
keycode 0x21 = p P
keycode 0x22 = bracketleft braceleft uacute slash
keycode 0x23 = bracketright braceright adiaeresis parenleft
keycode 0x24 = Return
keycode 0x6B = Delete
keycode 0x67 = End
keycode 0x69 = Next
keycode 0x4F = KP_Home 7 KP_Home
keycode 0x50 = KP_Up 8
keycode 0x51 = KP_Prior 9
keycode 0x56 = KP_Add plus
keycode 0x42 = Caps_Lock
keycode 0x26 = a A
keycode 0x27 = s S
keycode 0x28 = d D
keycode 0x29 = f F
keycode 0x2A = g G
keycode 0x2B = h H
keycode 0x2C = j J
keycode 0x2D = k K
keycode 0x2E = l L
keycode 0x2F = semicolon colon ocircumflex quotedbl
keycode 0x30 = apostrophe quotedbl section exclam
keycode 0x53 = KP_Left 4
keycode 0x54 = KP_Begin 5
keycode 0x55 = KP_Right 6
keycode 0x32 = Shift_L ISO_Next_Group
keycode 0x34 = z Z y Y
keycode 0x35 = x X
keycode 0x36 = c C
keycode 0x37 = v V
keycode 0x38 = b B
keycode 0x39 = n N
keycode 0x3A = m M
keycode 0x3B = comma less comma question
keycode 0x3C = period greater period colon
keycode 0x3D = slash question minus underscore
keycode 0x3E = Shift_R
keycode 0x62 = Up
keycode 0x57 = KP_End 1
keycode 0x58 = KP_Down 2
keycode 0x59 = KP_Next 3
keycode 0x6C = KP_Enter Return
keycode 0x25 = Control_L ISO_Next_Group
!keycode 0x40 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 0x40 = Meta_L Alt_L
keycode 0x41 = space
keycode 0x71 = Alt_R Meta_R
keycode 0x6D = Control_R
keycode 0x64 = Left
keycode 0x68 = Down
keycode 0x66 = Right
keycode 0x5A = KP_Insert 0
keycode 0x5B = KP_Delete period
!keysym Alt_L = Meta_L
!keysym F12 = Multi_key
clear Shift
!clear Lock
clear Control
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
clear Mod3
clear Mod4
clear Mod5
add Shift = Shift_L Shift_R
add Control = Control_L Control_R
!add Mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R
add Mod1 = Meta_L Alt_R
add Mod2 = Num_Lock
add Mod5 = ISO_Next_Group
!add Mod1 =
!add Mod2 = Alt_R Alt_L Mode_switch
keycode 0x73 = ISO_Next_Group
keycode 0x74 = dead_acute dead_diaeresis
keycode 0x75 = dead_caron dead_abovering
_____________________________cut_here_____________________________
If you want to build an .Xmodmap and you know how the character looks visually, you may have problems about knowing how it is defined by name. A good site that may help you with this may be: http://www.geocities.com/gorazd.hribar/latin-2/eng-iso-8859-2.html Here you can see ISO8859-2 characters visually.
I also included here some ISO8859-2 Character definitions for you to know which names are used for pertinent keys. It may not be complete and you should not bother about the keycode numbers, but notice how keys are named. Much of this information is useful to build a keyboard with ISO8859-1 characters only, or a combination of East European characters and Western characters. If you're going to use other languages than the Central European or West-European ones, find a pertinent table for your ISO*** character set on the Internet. The gdkkeysyms.h file that contains all the crazy names for keycode entities including hexcodes is in (older versions of RedHat) /usr/include/gdk/ directory. If no gdkkeysyms.h file is on your sustem, see the file /usr/X11R6/include/X11/keysymdef.h (you must install XFree86 development package to make use of this directory), or try to look in /lib/perl5/site_perl/5.6.0/i386-linux/GTK/keysyms.pm (it also contains names of keycode entities including hex codes). If you have a newer version of PERL, the version number "5.6.0" may differ. The similar thing should apply to other systems (FreeBSD), too, as they also use PERL.
Xmodmap entities with their word definitions (which you put in the Xmodmap file) and their visual representation. Some word definitions lack their visual forms.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
space
exclam !
quotedbl "
numbersign #
dollar $
percent
ampersand &
quoteright '
parenleft (
parenright )
asterisk *
plus +
comma ,
hyphen -
period .
slash /
zero 0
one 1
two 2
three 3
four 4
five 5
six 6
seven 7
eight 8
nine 9
colon :
semicolon ;
less < <
equal =
greater > >
question ?
at @
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
R R
S S
T T
U U
V V
W W
X X
Y Y
Z Z
bracketleft [
backslash \
bracketright ]
asciicircum ^
underscore _
quoteleft `
a a
b b
c c
d d
e e
f f
g g
h h
i i
j j
k k
l l
m m
n n
o o
p p
q q
r r
s s
t t
u u
v v
w w
x x
y y
z z
braceleft {
bar |
braceright }
tilde �
space
Aogonek
breve
Lslash
currency
Lcaron
Sacute
section
dieresis
Scaron Š
Scedilla
Tcaron Ť
Zacute Ź
hyphen
Zcaron Ž
Zdotaccent
degree
aogonek
ogonek
lslash
acute
lcaron ľ
sacute ś
caron
cedilla
scaron š
scedilla
tcaron ť
zacute
hungarumlaut
zcaron ž
zdotaccent
Racute
Aacute
Acircumflex
Abreve
Adieresis
Lacute
Cacute
Ccedilla
Ccaron Č
Eacute �
Eogonek
Edieresis
Ecaron Ě
Iacute �
Icircumflex
Dcaron Ď
Eth
Nacute Ń
Ncaron Ň
Oacute �
Ocircumflex
Ohungarumlaut
Odieresis
multiply
Rcaron Ř
Uring Ů
Uacute �
hungarumlaut
Udieresis
Yacute
Tcedilla
germandbls
racute
aacute �
acircumflex
abreve
adieresis
lacute
cacute
ccedilla
ccaron č
eacute
eogonek
edieresis
ecaron
iacute
icircumflex
dcaron
dbar
nacute
ncaron
oacute
ocircumflex
ohungarumlaut
odieresis
divide
rcaron
uring
uacute
uhungarumlaut
udieresis
yacute
tcedilla
dotaccent
----------------------------------------------------------------------
First, if you are using older systems (see the legacy solution), try to see if definitions will give you (after installing pertinent fonts and building the Xmodmap map with keyboard definitions for X) what they say they are. If they will not give you what they say they are, see my legacy soluttion.
No LANG=language statement is necessary in your bash_profile. You may use the Xmodmap file with standard ISO8859-2 keycode definitions and the .Xmodmap file (not from the legacy solution). Unfortunately, although you may immediately start writing with ISO8859-2 keycodes, the dead keys are not working properly and export LANG=language does not work here in order to make these dead keys work. There's also some bug with fonts or something - KDE 2.0 (or older XFree86 does not properly handle ISO8859-2 fonts together with Xmodmap. Old kedit, newest GNOME's gedit and StarOffice 5.2 work well (after applying the above script for StarOffice 5.2).
After copying the Compose file from /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/iso8859-2/ to the /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/iso8859-1/, you may start elegantly working with dead keys. This was also tested on StarOffice 5.2.
SuSE 7.0 works same as above. SuSE 8.0 works without problems - just apply the xmodmap command on your xmodmap keyboard definition and you are ready to go. It is a good idea to install support for your national language in Yast2, if there is a problem.
Yes, it works as it should - I used the "kcmshell Personalization/kcmlayout", command, which is in the menu in Configuration > KDE > Personalization > keyboard layout and after just putting the LANG=language statement in my .bash_profile, StarOffice worked immediately (with ISO8859-2 fonts added to its directory) and I only switched the keyboards. I chose Czechoslovakian as the second language and could write in Czech with ISO8859-2 characters on my screen. (I used the script for putting the ISO8859-2 fonts for StarOffice). Unfortunatelly, the KDE 2.0 kedit could not visualize the ISO8859-2 fonts and after switching the keyboard and selecting ISO8859-2 charset I saw this: ??????? instead of lcaron, scaron, etc., but *acute symbols (uacute, aacute, etc.) displayed well.
The maps in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols can be modified on the fly, but this is a dirtier way than to modify Xmodmap maps. You switch keyboards from the panel flag icon.
Apply the standard .Xmodmap keycodes (scaron, lcaron, not "threequarters" or "mu", etc.) and issue the command: "xmodmap �/.Xmodmap" and you may work by switching the keyboards by pressing Scroll Lock (if you use my Xmodmap file; if you use other Xmodmap file, try right Alt or whatever else that is defined in the Xmodmap file).
The FontPath statement in /etc/X11/XF86Config and /etc/X11/XF86Config does not have to be changed:
FontPath "unix/:1"
The XFree86 reads automatically your fonts, but I put the ISO8859-2 fonts to /usr/share/fonts directory (same as in RedHat). Surprisingly, you do not have to copy the ../ISO8859-2/Compose file to ../ISO8859-1 directory and dead keys work nicely.
These distributions work well as they should. In KDE, you must open the menu: Start > Preferences > Personalization > Country and Language, where you will change CHARSET from ISO8859-1 to ISO8859-2 (or ISO8859-X for any other language of your choice). Then you may either select a keyboard layout - Peripherals, Keyboard (Slovak is included with dozens of other keyboard XKB maps) from the menu: Start > Configuration > KDE > Personalisation > Peripherals > Keyboard, or you may choose my Standard Xmodmap solution. No other files require editing. That's great! Alternatively, you can set your keyboard with setxkbmap command (see section FreeBSD 4.4).
The legacy solution must be used here. No LANG=language statement is necessary in your bash_profile. Here the "experimental" .Xmodmap solution works ("mu" instead of "lcaron", etc.) and you must copy the Compose file from ../IS08859-2 to ISO8859-1 directory in order for dead keys to work. There is only one XF86Config file in /etc/X11 and its FontPath must contain path to the pertinent fonts.
RedHat 7.2 behaves same as Mandrake 8.1. RedHat 8.0, with KDE 3, works nicely without problems - you can use the xmodmap solution immediately without digging up in the system and changing configurations. You do not have to go to Look and Feel menu in the Preferences menu - you can either apply the xmodmap solution immediately, or you can choose to configure (add) keyboard in the Preferences - Peripherals menu (if you decide for XKB). You will have the keyboard icon placed on the panel and you just click on it to switch between keyboards. Slackware 8.1 behaves exactly as RedHat 8.0, I only had to include the "export= language command (both for XKB and Xmodmap solution) in the Bash profile for the dead keys to work.
Internationalization works the same way as with RedHat 5.1, 5.2, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2
No LANG=language statement is necessary in your bash_profile. But you must put this to /etc/profile: LANG=cs_CZ.ISO_8859-2; export LANG
FreeBSD 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 does not use Slovak locale, so we must use the Czech one here. It really does not matter. Here this depends on XFree86. Because the FreeBSD guys are too conservative about newer versions, they ship FreeBSD with older versions of XFree86. In FreeBSD 4.1 the experimental .Xmodmap solution works and you have to copy the ../ISO8859-2/Compose file to ../ISO8859-1 directory to make the dead keys work.
The Standard Xmodmap solution works well. I think this version has some problems with installation - after installing the system, I missed some things I had selected in the installation wizard. A good idea would be to upgrade.
If you decide to run setxkbmap (FreeBSD or Linux), you may use
setxkbmap si
as a command from an X Terminal for the Slovenian language
setxkbmap se
for Swedish
setxkbmap de
for German, etc.
A brief overview of names that stand for XKB maps:
am Armenian keyboard
be Belgian
de German
ca Canadian
cs Czech
dk Danish
es Spanish
fi Finnish
fr French
gb Great Britain
hu Hungarian
is Iceland
it Italian
jp Japanese
no Norwegian
pl Polish
pt Portugese
ro Romanian
ru Russian
se Swedish
si Slovenian
------------------------------------------------------------------- ISO8859-0 old, replaced by ISO 8859-14 and ISO 8859-15.
ISO8859-1 Western Europe: Danish, Dutch, English, Faeroese, Finnish, Flemish, French, German, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Many other languages can be written with this.
ISO8859-2 Eastern Europe: Czech, Slovak, English, German, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovene.
ISO8859-3 English, Esperanto, Galician, Maltese and Turkish.
ISO8859-4 English, Baltic languages - Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Scandinavian languages - Danish, Faeroese, Icelandic, Lappish, Norwegian, and Swedish.
ISO8859-5 Latin/Cyrillic alphabet: Bulgarian, Byelorussian, English, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian.
ISO8859-6 Latin/Arabic alphabet: English, Arabic.
ISO8859-7 Latin/Greek alphabet: English, Greek.
ISO8859-8 Latin/Hebrew alphabet: English, Hebrew.
ISO8859-9 Latin alphabet: Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, formed by extending ISO8859-1.
ISO8859-10 Latin alphabet: Modification of ISO8859-4
ISO8859-11 Latin/Thai alphabet.
ISO8859-12 Reserved.
ISO8859-13 Baltic.
ISO8859-14 Celtic
ISO8859-15 Similar to Latin-1
ISO8859-16 Albanian, Croatian, English, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Latin, Polish, Romanian, Slovenian, Lithuanian, and Scandinavian languages (Danish, Faeroese, Icelandic.
Please note: I'am not the author of these files and don't mail me if you find something incorrect in them. These files were taken from the GNOME distribution and the main focus of this howto is to tell you how to map various keycode entities. Use right Alt to switch the keyboard.
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
keycode 9 = Escape Escape
keycode 10 = 1 exclam
keycode 11 = 2 quotedbl twosuperior
keycode 12 = 3 section threesuperior
keycode 13 = 4 dollar dollar
keycode 14 = 5 percent
keycode 15 = 6 ampersand
keycode 16 = 7 slash braceleft
keycode 17 = 8 parenleft bracketleft
keycode 18 = 9 parenright bracketright
keycode 19 = 0 equal braceright
keycode 20 = ssharp question backslash
keycode 21 = dead_acute dead_grave
keycode 22 = BackSpace Delete
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = q Q at
keycode 25 = w
keycode 26 = e
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = z
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = udiaeresis Udiaeresis
keycode 35 = plus asterisk dead_tilde
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a
keycode 39 = s
keycode 40 = d
keycode 41 = f
keycode 42 = g
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j
keycode 45 = k
keycode 46 = l
keycode 47 = odiaeresis Odiaeresis
keycode 48 = adiaeresis Adiaeresis
keycode 49 = dead_circumflex degree
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = numbersign apostrophe
keycode 52 = y
keycode 53 = x
keycode 54 = c
keycode 55 = v
keycode 56 = b
keycode 57 = n
keycode 58 = m
keycode 59 = comma semicolon
keycode 60 = period colon Multi_key
keycode 61 = minus underscore
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 91 = KP_Decimal
keycode 94 = less greater bar
keycode 95 = F11 F11
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 115 = Select
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where AltGr
! usually resides, so go define it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key
keycode 117 = Multi_key
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
!charset "iso-8859-2"
keycode 9 = Escape
keycode 10 = 1 apostrophe asciitilde
keycode 11 = 2 quotedbl dead_caron
keycode 12 = 3 plus dead_circumflex
keycode 13 = 4 exclam dead_breve
keycode 14 = 5 percent degree
keycode 15 = 6 slash dead_ogonek
keycode 16 = 7 equal dead_grave
keycode 17 = 8 parenleft dead_abovedot
keycode 18 = 9 parenright dead_acute
keycode 19 = odiaeresis Odiaeresis dead_doubleacute
keycode 20 = udiaeresis Udiaeresis dead_diaeresis
keycode 21 = oacute Oacute dead_cedilla
keycode 22 = BackSpace Delete
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = q Q backslash
keycode 25 = w W bar
keycode 26 = e E currency
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = z
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i I iacute Iacute
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = odoubleacute Odoubleacute division
keycode 35 = uacute Uacute
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a
keycode 39 = s S dstroke
keycode 40 = d D Dstroke
keycode 41 = f F bracketleft
keycode 42 = g G bracketright
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j J Iacute iacute
keycode 45 = k K lstroke Lstroke
keycode 46 = l L Lstroke lstroke
keycode 47 = eacute Eacute dollar
keycode 48 = aacute Aacute ssharp
keycode 49 = 0 section
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = udoubleacute Udoubleacute currency
keycode 52 = y Y greater
keycode 53 = x X numbersign
keycode 54 = c C ampersand
keycode 55 = v V at
keycode 56 = b B braceleft
keycode 57 = n N braceright
keycode 58 = m
keycode 59 = comma question semicolon
keycode 60 = period colon Multi_key
keycode 61 = minus underscore asterisk
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 91 = KP_Decimal
keycode 94 = iacute Iacute less
keycode 95 = F11 F11
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 115 = Select
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
keycode 107 = Delete
! as dead_ogonek, dead_caron, dead_breve and dead_doubleacute doesn't exist
! (yet), I put also compose lines for use with respectively dead_cedilla,
! dead_circumflex, dead_tilde and dead_tilde
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
! Converted keytable file to xmodmap file
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
keycode 9 = Escape Escape
keycode 10 = plus 1 asciitilde
keycode 11 = ecaron 2 dead_caron
keycode 12 = scaron 3 asciicircum
keycode 13 = ccaron 4 dead_breve
keycode 14 = rcaron 5 degree
keycode 15 = zcaron 6 dead_ogonek
keycode 16 = yacute 7 dead_grave
keycode 17 = aacute 8 dead_abovedot
keycode 18 = iacute 9 dead_acute
keycode 19 = eacute 0 dead_doubleacute
keycode 20 = equal percent dead_diaeresis
keycode 21 = dead_acute dead_caron dead_cedilla
keycode 22 = BackSpace Delete
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = q Q backslash
keycode 25 = w W bar
keycode 26 = e E currency
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = z
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = uacute slash division
keycode 35 = parenright parenleft
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a
keycode 39 = s S dstroke Dstroke
keycode 40 = d D Dstroke dstroke
keycode 41 = f F bracketleft
keycode 42 = g G bracketright
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j
keycode 45 = k K lstroke Lstroke
keycode 46 = l L Lstroke lstroke
keycode 47 = uring quotedbl dollar
keycode 48 = section exclam ssharp
keycode 49 = semicolon degree
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = dead_diaeresis dead_acute currency
keycode 52 = y Y greater
keycode 53 = x X numbersign
keycode 54 = c
keycode 55 = v V at
keycode 56 = b B braceleft
keycode 57 = n N braceright
keycode 58 = m
keycode 59 = comma question
keycode 60 = period colon Multi_key
keycode 61 = minus underscore
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 94 = ampersand asterisk less
keycode 95 = F11 F11
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 115 = Select
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where AltGr
! usually resides, so go definie it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key
keycode 117 = Multi_key
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
! The "AltGr" (right Alt) key generates Mode_switch
keycode 0x09 = Escape
keycode 0x43 = F1
keycode 0x44 = F2
keycode 0x45 = F3
keycode 0x46 = F4
keycode 0x47 = F5
keycode 0x48 = F6
keycode 0x49 = F7
keycode 0x4A = F8
keycode 0x4B = F9
keycode 0x4C = F10
keycode 0x5F = F11
keycode 0x60 = F12
keycode 0x6F = Print
keycode 0x4E = Multi_key
keycode 0x6E = Pause
keycode 0x31 = grave asciitilde
keycode 0x0A = 1 exclam
keycode 0x0B = 2 at
keycode 0x0C = 3 numbersign
keycode 0x0D = 4 dollar
keycode 0x0E = 5 percent
keycode 0x0F = 6 asciicircum
keycode 0x10 = 7 ampersand section
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk
keycode 0x12 = 9 parenleft
keycode 0x13 = 0 parenright
keycode 0x14 = minus underscore
keycode 0x15 = equal plus
keycode 0x33 = backslash bar
keycode 0x16 = BackSpace
keycode 0x6A = Insert
keycode 0x61 = Home
keycode 0x63 = Prior
keycode 0x4D = Num_Lock
keycode 0x70 = KP_Divide
keycode 0x3F = KP_Multiply
keycode 0x52 = KP_Subtract
keycode 0x17 = Tab
keycode 0x18 = Q
keycode 0x19 = W
keycode 0x1A = e E eogonek Eogonek
keycode 0x1B = R
keycode 0x1C = T
keycode 0x1D = Y
keycode 0x1E = U
keycode 0x1F = I
keycode 0x20 = o O oacute Oacute
keycode 0x21 = P
keycode 0x22 = bracketleft braceleft
keycode 0x23 = bracketright braceright
keycode 0x24 = Return
keycode 0x6B = Delete
keycode 0x67 = End
keycode 0x69 = Next
keycode 0x4F = KP_7
keycode 0x50 = KP_8
keycode 0x51 = KP_9
keycode 0x56 = KP_Add
keycode 0x42 = Caps_Lock
keycode 0x26 = a A aogonek Aogonek
keycode 0x27 = s S sacute Sacute
keycode 0x28 = D
keycode 0x29 = F
keycode 0x2A = G
keycode 0x2B = H
keycode 0x2C = J
keycode 0x2D = K
keycode 0x2E = l L lstroke Lstroke
keycode 0x2F = semicolon colon
keycode 0x30 = apostrophe quotedbl
keycode 0x53 = KP_4
keycode 0x54 = KP_5
keycode 0x55 = KP_6
keycode 0x32 = Shift_L
keycode 0x34 = z Z zabovedot Zabovedot
keycode 0x35 = x X zacute Zacute
keycode 0x36 = c C cacute Cacute
keycode 0x37 = V
keycode 0x38 = B
keycode 0x39 = n N nacute Nacute
keycode 0x3A = M
keycode 0x3B = comma less
keycode 0x3C = period greater Multi_key
keycode 0x3D = slash question
keycode 0x3E = Shift_R
keycode 0x62 = Up
keycode 0x57 = KP_1
keycode 0x58 = KP_2
keycode 0x59 = KP_3
keycode 0x6C = KP_Enter
keycode 0x25 = Control_L
keycode 0x40 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 0x41 = space
keycode 0x71 = Mode_switch
keycode 0x6D = Control_R
keycode 0x64 = Left
keycode 0x68 = Down
keycode 0x66 = Right
keycode 0x5A = KP_0
keycode 0x5B = KP_Decimal
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where AltGr
! usually resides, so go definie it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key
keycode 117 = Multi_key
clear Shift
clear Lock
clear Control
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
clear Mod3
clear Mod4
clear Mod5
add Shift = Shift_L Shift_R
add Lock = Caps_Lock
add Control = Control_L Control_R
add Mod1 = Alt_L
!Mode_switch
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
keycode 9 = Escape Escape
keycode 10 = ampersand 1
keycode 11 = eacute 2 dead_tilde
keycode 12 = quotedbl 3 numbersign
keycode 13 = apostrophe 4 braceleft
keycode 14 = parenleft 5 bracketleft
keycode 15 = minus 6 bar
keycode 16 = egrave 7 dead_grave
keycode 17 = underscore 8 backslash
keycode 18 = ccedilla 9 asciicircum
keycode 19 = agrave 0 at
keycode 20 = parenright degree bracketright
keycode 21 = equal plus braceright
keycode 22 = BackSpace
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = a
keycode 25 = z
keycode 26 = e E currency
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = y
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = dead_circumflex dead_diaeresis
keycode 35 = dollar sterling currency
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = q
keycode 39 = s
keycode 40 = d
keycode 41 = f
keycode 42 = g
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j
keycode 45 = k
keycode 46 = l
keycode 47 = m M
keycode 48 = ugrave percent
keycode 49 = twosuperior
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = asterisk mu
keycode 52 = w
keycode 53 = x
keycode 54 = c
keycode 55 = v
keycode 56 = b
keycode 57 = n
keycode 58 = comma question dead_cedilla
keycode 59 = semicolon period
keycode 60 = colon slash Multi_key
keycode 61 = exclam section
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 92 = Sys_Req
keycode 94 = less greater bar
keycode 95 = F11 F11
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 107 = Delete
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where AltGr
! usually resides, so go definie it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key
keycode 117 = Multi_key
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
keycode 9 = Escape
keycode 10 = 1 exclam asciitilde
keycode 11 = 2 quotedbl caron
keycode 12 = 3 numbersign asciicircum
keycode 13 = 4 dollar breve
keycode 14 = 5 percent degree
keycode 15 = 6 ampersand ogonek
keycode 16 = 7 slash grave
keycode 17 = 8 parenleft abovedot
keycode 18 = 9 parenright acute
keycode 19 = 0 equal doubleacute
keycode 20 = apostrophe question diaeresis
keycode 21 = plus asterisk cedilla
keycode 22 = Delete Delete
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = q Q backslash
keycode 25 = w W bar
keycode 26 = e
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = z
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = scaron Scaron division
keycode 35 = dstroke Dstroke multiply
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a
keycode 39 = s
keycode 40 = d
keycode 41 = f F bracketleft
keycode 42 = g G bracketright
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j
keycode 45 = k K lstroke
keycode 46 = l L Lstroke
keycode 47 = ccaron Ccaron
keycode 48 = cacute Cacute ssharp
keycode 49 = cedilla diaeresis
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = zcaron Zcaron currency
keycode 52 = y
keycode 53 = x
keycode 54 = c
keycode 55 = v V at
keycode 56 = b B braceleft
keycode 57 = n N braceright
keycode 58 = m M section
keycode 59 = comma semicolon
keycode 60 = period colon
keycode 61 = minus underscore
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 91 = KP_Decimal
keycode 92 = X386Sys_Req
keycode 94 = less greater
keycode 95 = F11 F1
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
keycode 9 = Escape Escape
keycode 10 = exclam 1
keycode 11 = quotedbl 2 at
keycode 12 = slash 3 numbersign
keycode 13 = semicolon 4 dollar
keycode 14 = colon 5 percent
keycode 15 = comma 6 asciicircum
keycode 16 = period 7 ampersand
keycode 17 = question 8 asterisk
keycode 18 = parenleft 9
keycode 19 = parenright 0
keycode 20 = underscore minus minus underscore
keycode 21 = plus equal equal plus
keycode 22 = BackSpace
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = aogonek Aogonek q Q
keycode 25 = zcaron Zcaron w W
keycode 26 = e E currency
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = y
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = iogonek Iogonek bracketleft braceleft
keycode 35 = leftdoublequotemark doublelowquotemark bracketright braceright
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a
keycode 39 = s
keycode 40 = d
keycode 41 = f
keycode 42 = g
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j
keycode 45 = k
keycode 46 = l
keycode 47 = uogonek Uogonek semicolon colon
keycode 48 = eabovedot Eabovedot apostrophe quotedbl
keycode 49 = grave asciitilde
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = backslash bar
keycode 52 = z
keycode 53 = umacron Umacron x X
keycode 54 = c
keycode 55 = v
keycode 56 = b
keycode 57 = n
keycode 58 = m
keycode 59 = ccaron Ccaron comma less
keycode 60 = scaron Scaron period greater
keycode 61 = eogonek Eogonek slash question
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 94 = less greater bar
keycode 95 = F11 F11
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 115 = Select
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where AltGr
! usually resides, so go definie it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key, redefined as Compose key
keycode 117 = Multi_key
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
! The "& 7" key generates 7, ampersand, and section
! The "E" key generates e, E, eogonek, and Eogonek
! The "O" key generates o, O, oacute, and Oacute
! The "A" key generates a, A, aogonek, and Aogonek
! The "S" key generates s, S, sacute, and Sacute
! The "L" key generates l, L, lstroke, and Lstroke
! The "Z" key generates z, Z, zabovedot, and Zabovedot
! The "X" key generates x, X, zacute, and Zacute
! The "C" key generates c, C, cacute, and Cacute
! The "N" key generates n, N, nacute, and Nacute
! The "AltGr" key generates Mode_switch
keycode 0x09 = Escape
keycode 0x43 = F1
keycode 0x44 = F2
keycode 0x45 = F3
keycode 0x46 = F4
keycode 0x47 = F5
keycode 0x48 = F6
keycode 0x49 = F7
keycode 0x4A = F8
keycode 0x4B = F9
keycode 0x4C = F10
keycode 0x5F = F11
keycode 0x60 = F12
keycode 0x6F = Print
keycode 0x4E = Multi_key
keycode 0x6E = Pause
keycode 0x31 = grave asciitilde
keycode 0x0A = 1 exclam
keycode 0x0B = 2 at
keycode 0x0C = 3 numbersign
keycode 0x0D = 4 dollar
keycode 0x0E = 5 percent
keycode 0x0F = 6 asciicircum
keycode 0x10 = 7 ampersand section
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk
keycode 0x12 = 9 parenleft
keycode 0x13 = 0 parenright
keycode 0x14 = minus underscore
keycode 0x15 = equal plus
keycode 0x33 = backslash bar
keycode 0x16 = BackSpace
keycode 0x6A = Insert
keycode 0x61 = Home
keycode 0x63 = Prior
keycode 0x4D = Num_Lock
keycode 0x70 = KP_Divide
keycode 0x3F = KP_Multiply
keycode 0x52 = KP_Subtract
keycode 0x17 = Tab
keycode 0x18 = Q
keycode 0x19 = W
keycode 0x1A = e E eogonek Eogonek
keycode 0x1B = R
keycode 0x1C = T
keycode 0x1D = Y
keycode 0x1E = U
keycode 0x1F = I
keycode 0x20 = o O oacute Oacute
keycode 0x21 = P
keycode 0x22 = bracketleft braceleft
keycode 0x23 = bracketright braceright
keycode 0x24 = Return
keycode 0x6B = Delete
keycode 0x67 = End
keycode 0x69 = Next
keycode 0x4F = KP_7
keycode 0x50 = KP_8
keycode 0x51 = KP_9
keycode 0x56 = KP_Add
keycode 0x42 = Caps_Lock
keycode 0x26 = a A aogonek Aogonek
keycode 0x27 = s S sacute Sacute
keycode 0x28 = D
keycode 0x29 = F
keycode 0x2A = G
keycode 0x2B = H
keycode 0x2C = J
keycode 0x2D = K
keycode 0x2E = l L lstroke Lstroke
keycode 0x2F = semicolon colon
keycode 0x30 = apostrophe quotedbl
keycode 0x53 = KP_4
keycode 0x54 = KP_5
keycode 0x55 = KP_6
keycode 0x32 = Shift_L
keycode 0x34 = z Z zabovedot Zabovedot
keycode 0x35 = x X zacute Zacute
keycode 0x36 = c C cacute Cacute
keycode 0x37 = V
keycode 0x38 = B
keycode 0x39 = n N nacute Nacute
keycode 0x3A = M
keycode 0x3B = comma less
keycode 0x3C = period greater Multi_key
keycode 0x3D = slash question
keycode 0x3E = Shift_R
keycode 0x62 = Up
keycode 0x57 = KP_1
keycode 0x58 = KP_2
keycode 0x59 = KP_3
keycode 0x6C = KP_Enter
keycode 0x25 = Control_L
keycode 0x40 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 0x41 = space
keycode 0x71 = Mode_switch
keycode 0x6D = Control_R
keycode 0x64 = Left
keycode 0x68 = Down
keycode 0x66 = Right
keycode 0x5A = KP_0
keycode 0x5B = KP_Decimal
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where AltGr
! usually resides, so go definie it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key keycode 117 = Multi_key
clear Shift
clear Lock
clear Control
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
clear Mod3
clear Mod4
clear Mod5
add Shift = Shift_L Shift_R
add Lock = Caps_Lock
add Control = Control_L Control_R
add Mod1 = Alt_L
!Mode_switch add Mod2 = Mode_switch
Get the newest Linux distribution. Mandrake 8.1 or RedHat 7.2 or 8.0 work fantastically with regard to internationalization (which could not be said about previous distributions). If locales are not installed, you must install them. The GNU C Library comes with a locale database, which you should have on your system. Upgrade your glibc. Troubleshooting of older versions of XFree or KDE is insignificant in my opinion, as the systems get better and better and people install newer versions. You may find almost any xmodmap file in the GNOME directory in (SuSE) /opt/gnome/share/xmodmap (with standard ISO8859-1,2 and other definitions). To switch between the keyboards, use right Alt. Slackware has a very good databse of xmodmap maps in /usr/share/xmodmap. Use the command: locale -a to see all the locales.
If you want to list the current keymap table, issue the command: xmodmap -pk | more
The xkeycaps program is a sort of graphical front-end for xmodmap. Start it and see which numbers mean which keycode.
To make the mouse buttons left-handed, use a command: xmodmap -e "pointer = 3 2 1"
To remove the CapsLock and change it to a control key, write this in your Xmodmap file:
remove Lock = Caps_Lock keysym Caps_Lock = Control_L add Control = Control_L
http://www.geocities.com/gorazd.hribar/latin-2/eng-iso-8859-2.html Here you can see ISO8859-2 characters visually http://users.raketnet.nl/koos_pol/en/xmodmap-nl.html Dutch keymap http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Unicode-HOWTO.html Unicode HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Cyrillic-HOWTO.html Cyrillic HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Esperanto-HOWTO.html Esperanto HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Belgian-HOWTO.html Belgian HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Chinese-HOWTO.html Chinese HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Danish-HOWTO.html Danish HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Finnish-HOWTO.html Finnish HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/French-HOWTO.html French HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/German-HOWTO.html German HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Hebrew-HOWTO.html Hebrew HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Hellenic-HOWTO.html Hellenic HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Italian-HOWTO.html Italian HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Polish-HOWTO.html Polish HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Portuguese-HOWTO.html Portugese HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Serbian-HOWTO.html Serbian HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Slovenian-HOWTO.html Slovenian HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Spanish-HOWTO.html Spanish HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Thai-HOWTO.html Thai HOWTO http://www.linuxfaq.com/HOWTO/Turkish-HOWTO.html Turskish HOWTO
ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/7.2/en/os/i386/RedHat/RPMS/XFree86-ISO8859-15-100dpi-fonts-4.1.0-3.i386.rpm ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/7.2/en/os/i386/RedHat/RPMS/XFree86-ISO8859-15-75dpi-fonts-4.1.0-3.i386.rpm ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/7.2/en/os/i386/RedHat/RPMS/XFree86-ISO8859-2-100dpi-fonts-4.1.0-3.i386.rpm ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/7.2/en/os/i386/RedHat/RPMS/XFree86-ISO8859-2-75dpi-fonts-4.1.0-3.i386.rpm
Note: This RedHat ftp directory contains more fonts, just look into the RPMdirectory above.