sean(at)walbran.org and Marvin Stodolsky stodolsk(at)erols.com
This is the Linux Linmodem HOWTO document. It is intended as a quick reference to help you find out if there is a way to get your (so-called) winmodem working under Linux, and, if so, how to do it. You should understand from the outset that there may well be no support for your winmodem: there is limited support for such modems, often in the form of vendor-created but vendor-unsupported, binary-only kernel modules (though a small number of open-source projects exist).
To emphasize: your best bet under Linux is certainly to get a true hardware modem. However, if you're stuck with a winmodem, perhaps this document can help.
For the most up-to-date information about available Linmodem drivers, visit Rob Clark's site, our small resources page, and the Linmodems.org mailing list archives. General modem issues, such as IRQ settings and dialup scripts, are dealt with much more thoroughly in the more general Modem-HOWTO, Serial-HOWTO, PPP-HOWTO, and other related HOWTOs available at the Linux Documentation Project site and elsewhere.
Copyright (c) 2000,2001 by Sean Walbran, Marvin Stodolsky
Please freely copy and distribute (sell or give away) this document in any format. It's requested that corrections and/or comments be fowarded to the document maintainer. You may create a derivative work and distribute it provided that you:
If you're considering making a derived work other than a translation, it's requested that you discuss your plans with the current maintainer.
Use the information in this document at your own risk. We disavow any potential liability for the contents of this document. Use of the concepts, examples, and/or other content of this document is entirely at your own risk.
All copyrights are owned by their owners, unless specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. In particular, since the term "Winmodem" is a trademark of US Robotics/3Com, we use the term "winmodem" here as does Rob Clark: to be read as "Winmodems(tm), host-based modems, HCF-modems, HSP-modems, and all similar modem-like hardware." Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds.
Naming of particular products or brands should not be seen as endorsements.
It are strongly recommended to make a backup of important and/or relevant files before any installation procedure.
Most individual credits are given in the body of the text where appropriate.
A large amount of information contained in this document comes a variety of great sources such as Rob Clark's site, the Linmodems.org, mailing lists, and Werner Heuser's Mobilix pages.
Special thanks to Mark Spieth (mark(at)digivation.com.au) for discussions, advice, and multiple and ongoing contributions.
This document itself was created using the SGML HOWTO template created by Stein Gojen, as described in the HOWTO-HOWTO. site.
The most recent HTML version of this document is available at http://walbran.org/sean/linux/linmodem-howto.html, as a single HTML file at http://walbran.org/sean/linux/linmodem-howto-all.html, with source SGML at http://walbran.org/sean/linux/linmodem-howto.sgml.
The old version of this document was getting huge and unwieldy, so this rewrite seemed necessary. To avoid the total loss of that information, a copy of the old version is maintained at http://walbran.org/sean/linux/linmodem-howto-old.html.
Do you have a Linmodem which works, but is not described here? Are you
developing a driver? Do you think something in this document is incorrect
or misleading? Do you think that your or someone else's work has been
used here but not appropriately credited? Please don't hesitate to
email me at sean(at)walbran.org with corrections and suggestions.
A Linmodem is the Linux implementation of a "winmodem" (see disclaimer). These devices are 'less than' a modem in the sense that they depend on software to perform, to a greater or lesser extent, the functions traditionally handled by modem hardware. The rationale for this is, of course, that software is cheaper than hardware, and can be upgraded/expanded/improved without the use of screwdrivers (usually); however, for the modem to function at all, one requires software that can run on one's preferred operating system.
An ever-growing number of winmodems will work under Linux. Each chipset for which a driver is known to exist has a section in this document, below, describing its installation. Any other chipset has no known support under Linux (at least, not known to us).
The information about installed hardware using commands such as:
cat /proc/pci and lspci pnpdump and isapnp cardctl ident dmesg | more and cat /proc/interrupts MarvS notes that the Device Manager under Windows can provide similar information,
but it should be
noted that a manufacturer will often simply put its brand name on a built-in modem, so
this information may not be as useful as you might hope (e.g., what chipset does
a "Compaq Internal 56k" modem have?). Additional information may sometimes be
obtained by making a modem log, implemented under MS Windows as a check box
option within the Dial Up Networking menus. The file produced is
C:\WINDOWS\MODEM.LOG. It will contain the modem initialization strings,
and perhaps also the name of the modem configuration file, which may also contain
other useful information.
If you know the precise name of your modem, you can try searching the large Linux Modem Compatibility Database at Rob Clark's site. The color/letter code on the left side of the table will indicate if your modem is known to function or not under Linux. The code "LM" indicates a Linmodem, and the modem notes should indicate which driver you need. A "WM" means it's a winmodem, but no Linux support is known to exist. Be careful not to assume that modems with similar names will contain the same chipsets, or will necessarily behave similarly whatsoever! Your WhizBang LX56 and your friend's WhizBang GT56 could have entirely different innards.
If you do not know the precise name of your modem, you can search based on the identification number of the modem ( on every modem there must be printed a registration number, which may either be the board producer's designation, or, alternatively, an FCC registration number. An example photo of such an ID number on a modem board can be found at http://www.idir.net/~gromitkc/fcc1.jpg on Rob Clark's site.) Use your web browser's "Find in Page" to search his table of modems and FCC ID's to obtain chipset/driver information. Alternatively, you can directly search the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) database at http://www.fcc.gov/oet/fccid/. Read the directions carefully, and be careful not to confuse O (the letter) with 0 (the number), and other possible mixups.
You may not be able to obtain the FCC ID number if you have a laptop which you prefer not to open up, or are looking to buy a particular machine and the vendor has not been polite enough to provide you with the information nor a sample box for you to take apart and play with. In these cases, you might try:
All of the kernel drivers listed here are released as kernel modules; therefore,
you must be sure to have a kernel which supports modules. In addition,
"module version" support should be enabled to aid the use of
kernels and modules which are not version matched, as described further below.
If you use a kernel from a reasonably recent Linux distribution, such module support
is most likely already enabled. If you're compiling the kernel yourself, then you
should already be aware of how to enable modules, via the
Kernel HOWTO.
In any case, you can check to make sure that the following
settings exist in your kernel configuration file
(which is usually found under /usr/src/linux):
CONFIG_MODULES=y CONFIG_MODVERSIONS=y
If you have an ISA Plug-n-Play modem, you will most likely
need to use isapnptools to allocate resources to the modem card.
For this, you need to have isapnptools installed and have an entry in
the /etc/isapnp.conf file
for the modem. You should read the manual pages and the
Plug-and-Play-HOWTO, but if you have no other
ISA devices you're concerned about, basically all you need to do is:
pnpdump to generate a prototype isapnp.conf
file based on probed cards and your system's current resource usage.isapnp.conf for a Thinkpad i1411 with
a Lucent LT modem includes:
(CONFIGURE ACRd119/1 (LD 0
(INT 0 (IRQ 11 (MODE +E)))
(IO 1 (SIZE 8) (BASE 0x0100) (CHECK))
(NAME "ACRd119/1[0]{LT Win Modem }")
# (ACT Y)
))
Strangely, in this case at least, it was necessary to leave
the #(ACT Y) commented out. If it doesn't work for you one way,
try it the other.
/etc/isapnp.confpnpdump output.
(Note that it is probably not necessary to reboot, if you run isapnp
with the right flags. However, it's easiest for the beginner to simply reboot
at this point.)
If you wish to know more about your PCI modem
than cat /proc/pci gives, utilities within the software package
pciutils are useful, such as scanpci and lspci.
In particular, lspci -vv gives lots of nice, useful information.
The following commands are useful when dealing with modules. Many
require root priveleges. See the manual pages (e.g., man insmod)
for more detailed information on these commands.
A version-matched kernel module should usually be inserted using the command
modprobe module_name; modprobe will try to
insert any other modules on which your module depends (as determined
by depmod, described below).
A single module can be inserted (without those modules on which it depends)
using the command insmod module_name.
If the module were compiled under a different kernel than the current one,
insmod would report the version mismatch and refuse load the module.
One can, however, pass a flag to force the module to load despite the mismatch:
insmod -f module_name. If the kernel interface the
module uses did not actually change with the kernel version, the
module will be inserted and could be to some degree functional.
This is the case with, for example, the ESS modem module esscom.o
which, while compiled under 2.2.12, can be forcibly inserted with later kernels
and will function to a greater or lesser extent up through kernel version 2.2.14
without further changes; beyond 2.2.15, the patch to tty.h described
below is required. However, even forcing insertion fails for kernels
from the 2.4 series.
A module can be unloaded (removed from the kernel) after use by issuing
the command rmmod.
The depmod commands analyzes module dependencies.
The compatility of precompiled modules with a running kernel
can be checked with a command like:
depmod -e ltmodem.oFor the specific example of the ltmodem.o module compiled under kernel 2.2.12 with a running kernel 2.2.17, the returned information includes:
Many of the linmodem drivers are only available as precompiled, binary kernel modules. Generally, modules/binaries transparently function only with the kernel against which they were co-compiled. Therefore, getting a precompiled linmodem driver to work with your particular kernel could be a challenge.
Since the Linux kernel is a dynamically changing beast, it is very unfortunate that many modem/chip vendors have not yet chosen to release source-code versions of their drivers, which would ensure your and our ability to modify these drivers appropriately as kernel source code evolves. Some of the binary modules have been coaxed to function under some later kernel versions using various tricks, as described below; however, even though a module may be rendered functional, it is advisable to use them minimally. Quoting an email from Mark Spieth,
"A driver can never work properly if there are unresolved symbols, as it means something is not going to work. Furthermore, it means that that something that would have been called will call something else in the kernel and this could be anything. This is very bad."
Therefore, you should be careful in using binary modules with a kernel of a different version; proceed at your own risk. If you require above all that your modem function, consider downgrading your kernel to match the module - this is by no means a ridiculous prospect. Despite these warnings, however, many others have used mismatched binary modules and kernels with only minor annoyances ( such as the occasional kernel panic ) using tricks and tools such as the following.
Mark Spieth has contributed a progressively improved series of "fixscripts"
for editing a binary module so that version mismatch warnings are eliminated.
Insertion of the "fixed" module then proceeds without the forcing flag, i.e. simply
insmod module_name. Later versions also rename module symbols
to match those exported by the kernel, so that "Unresolved symbols" errors
are not returned by the test depmod -e. It must be emphasized that this
change is almost entirely cosmetic - it is still recommended that the module be used
minimally.
To use the fixscript on, for example, the (now-deprecated) binary Lucent module ltmodem.o,
make a working directory such as /root/modem.
Obtain the latest fixscript from
http://www.test.dclabs.com.au/linmodem/fixscript.
Save the file as fixscript.
View it with less or your favorite text editor to check that DOS hard stops were not
accidentally acquired. They look like bold M, underlined M, or ^M depending upon your
viewer/editor. NOTE: the viewer more does NOT display these DOS newlines.
Make the
file executable with chmod +x fixscript.
Generate a "fixed" module with, i.e.,
./fixscript ltmodem.o ltmodem2217.o
No errors should be generated by testing the module dependencies with
depmod -e ltmodem2217.o
and insertion should succeed with a simple, non-forced,
insmod ltmodem2217.o
The "source code" supplied with some PCTel modules (a small C file) performs similar masquerading when compiled and linked with the binary libraries in those packages; unlike the partially-open-source Lucent driver, it does not compensate for any actual changes to the kernel interface.
tty.h
In his quest to get the original, binary-only Lucent LT modem driver (version 5.68) working with kernels later than 2.2.14, Mark Spieth noticed that one simple change in the Linux kernel source fixed the major incompatibilities incurred between the 2.2.14 to 2.2.16 kernel versions. This patch is no longer necessary when using the partial source/binary Lucent driver (version 5.78), but it remains useful for those with other modems whose drivers are compiled against pre-2.2.15 kernels.
The patched 2.2.17 tty.h and some 2.2.17 kernel packages compiled
with this patch are available from
http://walbran.org/sean/linux/stodolsk/.
If you want to do the edit yourself, the line to shift is in the structure
tty_struct within include/linux/tty.h; it has an extra member
poll_wait in later kernels.
Move this member to the bottom of the structure, so that the remaining offsets
will then be the same as those in versions earlier than 2.2.15, and thus be
compatible with the precompiled kernel module. You will need to recompile
your kernel and modules after making this change to the source.
ppp.o from Kernel 2.2.14
A trick exists for using the binary modules with kernels later than 2.2.15 which does
not require kernel recompilation; however, following the discovery
of the tty.h patch described above, this trick is no longer necessary nor
recommended. The trick is to
replace the /lib/modules/net/ppp.o module with one from kernel
2.2.14. Christoph
Hebeisen (cth(at)sfu.ca) reported that the use of ppp.o version 2.2.14 rather
than that of version 2.2.16 with the Lucent module provided functionality
under 2.2.16 kernels. Willie Green (willjr(at)lcc.net) confirmed that this trick works
also with the ESS module. After simple insertion of a supporting version-matched module:
insmod slhc
the mismatched ppp.o from 2.2.14 source is inserted
insmod -f ppp.o
We wish to emphasize that this trick with forced insertion is
less stable than the easy and more effective change to the kernel source
file tty.h, as described above.
IBM has a completely open-source (GPL'ed) driver for the software modem in their Thinkpad 600E's available here.
This modem enjoys the most support under Linux, in that there exist three different driver packages:
serial.c driver, so, since
the source code for the
modem driver is not available, trafficking in this driver is apparently
in violation of the GPL. Distributing the partially open source driver
("i56lvp578.zip") may or may not be technically legal, since the GPL'ed
code, though not yet linked with the closed-source code, is certainly intended
to be so. See
this Kernel Traffic issue
and a Linux-Kernel mailing list archive for the week including Dec. 3rd, 2000,
for more details.
You should obtain the most recent package for your kernel from http://walbran.org/sean/linux/stodolsk/ and follow the up-to-date instructions given there.
This driver is superseded by version 5.78, described above; however, it may still be of some use in special cases.
unzip linux568.zipsu (enter root password when prompted)./ltinst (a 'file not found' error will be issued due to a flaw in
the installation script; ignore this error.)/dev/modem or /dev/ttyS14.
See the documentation with the source for instructions.
Binary-only drivers for ES56T-PI (PCI) and ES56V-I (ISA), compiled under RedHat 6.0's kernel 2.2.12-20, are available. The driver has been used via forced insertion up through kernel 2.2.15, and up through 2.2.17 using the "tty.h" patch described in the "Tips and Tricks..." section, above.
unzip package_namesu (enter root password when prompted)mknod /dev/esscom c 127 1 ln -s /dev/esscom /dev/modemln -s /dev/esscom /dev/ttyS15chgrp uucp /dev/esscom chmod 666 /dev/esscom ./fixscript essmodem.o essmodem.fix.ocp essmodem.fix.o /lib/modules/`uname -r`/misc/essmodem.oinsmod -f essmodem/etc/modules.conf or /etc/conf.modules
Binary drivers can be found at http://www.idir.net/~gromitkc/winmodem.html#drivers.
A Debian-style installation package for kernel 2.2.16 was made available by Corel at ftp://ftp.corel.com/pub/linux/CorelLinux/dists/corellinux-1.2/corel/binary-i386/utils/pctel-kernel-2.2.16-driver-cdl-v1.0_1.0.deb, though this link appears to now be incorrect. A gzipped/tarred package derived from the .deb is available here. In addition, a driver for kernel 2.4 was contributed by Thomas Wright, and is also available here. Other packages, requiring the superficial compilation described below, are also known to exist.
There are apparently two types of PCTel module package around.
/lib/modules/2.2.16.
With such a package, if you are running a kernel more recent than 2.2.16, you will need to use forced insertion (insmod -f), and if you are not successful, might try the "fixscript" method used with the Lucent 5.68 and ESS modules above - but, note that this has not, to my knowledge, been tried out yet. If you are running a kernel older than 2.2.16, you should consider upgrading your kernel, or else try the fixscripting as well (this is also not guaranteed to work). Please send me a report if you get these to work.
mkdir lib mkdir src mkdir src/module mv *.a lib/ mv Makefile *.c src/module
Now go to the directory src/module and type make. This should generate the module
file pctel.o, which will appear back up in the directory lib.
(The driver module is not the object file ptmodule.o in src/module!)
The apparent version of the module generated in this way will match your current kernel version.
With the modules in hand, proceed to install as follows:
su (enter root password when prompted)mknod /dev/pctel c 62 79 ln -s /dev/pctel /dev/modemln -s /dev/pctel /dev/ttyS15chgrp uucp /dev/pctel chmod 666 /dev/pctel cp pctel.o /lib/modules/`uname -r`/misc/insmod -f modulename
There exist drivers for kernels 2.2.14, 2.2.16, and 2.2.17 at
http://www.olitec.com/pci56kv2.html
The page is in French,
but the installation commands are given on the page in boldface red text
(you can also use the
babel fish).
Essentially, download the appropriate package, unpack it with tar -zxvf,
and run the installation script ins_all.
This driver is a bit finicky (with the most common symptom of failure being the "NO DIALTONE" response), but a number of people have been able to get it to work, usually by inserting their modem's vendor ID in the modem's .inf file, perhaps along with a change of the device major number from 254 to 253. See the Linmodems.org mailing list archives for details; one example of many is given here.
Mikhail Moreyra has written a GPL'ed driver for the CL-MD5620DT chipset which can do up to 33.6 kbps; however, this is alpha software and should be treated with due care. The driver can be obtained at http://linmodems.org/CLModem-0.3.0.tar.gz. Gabriel Gambetta (ggambett(at)internet.com.uy) issued a patched version of the driver to allow standard AT modem commands; you can get this version at Rob Clark's site here.
A driver for the HaM modem was beta-tested in early 2001 and is expected to be released quite soon.
An rpm package with a driver for the 3Com MDP3900V-U modem (apparently found in the Dell Dimension L733r) was posted to the Linmodems.org mailing list ( click here for more information), and is mirrored here.
A request for comments was posted by a 3Com official about the possible demand for a binary-only driver for their miniPCI combination NIC/winmodem here on the Linodems.org mailing list; please respond to the address given, [email protected], and not to the mailing list. Though to my knowledge no driver has yet been released, Werner Heuser's miniPCI page has more information and links.
Ian Stewart reports that he is working on a "mid-level driver" for the AC97 codec.
So you've read through this document, the Modem-HOWTO, and the PPP Howto, are pretty sure that your modem matches one of the drivers available, but it still doesn't work? There are a number of points in the process at which something could break down.
Linux generally maintains records of networking connections which are
very useful in troubleshooting problems. Their particular filenames
vary with both the Linux distribution and Dial-in software,
but
the system log files /var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog,
etcetera, should provide at least some information.
For both your own trouble shooting and queries for help to a list, it will be useful if you accumulate the information requested below. As root, change to the directory in which the modem install scripts are located, and start a script record as shown below. After this script is terminated with "exit," copy it out of your Linux partition for transmission to the list which may aid you.
(Below, # are explanatory comments.)
# start the recording, script ModemTest.txt # type in as much info on your Modem card as you have echo winmodem name, manufacturer, designation, and chip if possible # this gives your current kernel version uname -r # this gives information on your serial ports setserial -agv /dev/ttyS* # this information on your interrupts (irq) cat /proc/interrupts # show the contents of your module installation script (insert script name): cat ScriptName # Check if your script is executable: ls -l ScriptName # a response is OK if it has "x" such as below: # -rwxrw-rw- 1 root root 654 Jan 6 2000 ltinst # otherwise make it executable with: chmod o+x ScriptName # verify with ls -l ScriptName # if ScriptName has not been successfully run before under this kernel # run it with: ./ScriptName # what is the symbolic link /dev/modem set to: ls -l /dev/modem # What is the DeviceName specified in the ScriptName (/dev/ttyS14 or ...?) echo DeviceName # what is your modem driver name? Something like DriverName.o # with the ".o" indicating it is a compiled binary echo This is my DriverName.o # if should have been inserted in the Modules Path # Try to display it there with: find /lib/modules | grep DriverName # Is DriverName among the modules installed in the running kernel? lsmod # if not try a simple insertion: insmod ./DriverName.o # or if it was in the Modules Path, the following will suffice: insmod DriverName # check for insertion: lsmod # if not inserted, try forcing: insmod -f ./DriverName # list your inserted modules again. lsmod # If DriverName is NOT listed, # their is an incompatibility between modem hardware, driver and kernel. # Further effort will be of No use. # If DriverName is listed, let's do a bit more information. # You may first wish to rerun the configuration utility # used to setup dial-in connections for your Linux installation. # Remember to edit your PassWord from this record later. # You will probably be queried for the following information # which you should have ready: #Port to be used (/dev/modem or /dev/ttySn),Dial-inNumber, UserName, PassWord. # Run your configuration utility. YourSetUpConf # To stop recording exit
If dialin was not successfull, append to this a record from your log file. As an example, a section of a /var/log/syslog from a Debian Linux system is below.
Probably not. Please see the section "Which Linmodem hardware is supported?" above, and check the Linux Modem Compatibility database at Rob Clark's site.
Try setting your BIOS option from "PNP OS" to "non-PNP OS", from "Windows" to "Other OS", or the equivalent.
Conexant users: See the Conexant section, above.
Unresolved symbols are a true danger of version mismatching and are, in general, bad, but are also almost inevitable with binary modules. If the fixscript reports unresolved symbols, or the module does not work despite the unresolved symbols, you may be out of luck with that kernel/module combination; however, a few common cases involve symbols like:
slhc_xxxx: You probably need to insmod the slhc
module before inserting the modem/ppp modules; using modprobe
rather than insmod should also obviate this problem.printk, jiffies: Your kernel may be compiled with
SMP enabled. None of the binary modules are known to be SMP-safe, and will
probably only work on a single-processor machine with a single-processor
kernel, i.e. SMP disabled. You should try recompiling your kernel or
otherwise obtaining a version with SMP disabled. (Thanks to
Tom Reinertson (treinertson(at)uswest.net)) tty_xxxx with esscom.o:
Earlier fixscripts were not able to handle the version-specific symbols
in this module. More recent versions are available at
http://www.test.dclabs.com.au/linmodem/fixscript)
which should be able to fix this module as well.
This is an often-reported problem that may have a few, or no, solutions:
kppp will give this error, while an alternative like wvdial
does not, for the same modules and hardware. You may wish to try a different
ppp dialer and see if that helps. Most Linux distributions do deposit a kernel configuration file along with the kernel. For Debian related distributions, it is the file
/boot/config-versionThe positive choices can be quickly displayed with:
grep SOUND /boot/config-version |grep -v notFor the specific example of a 2.2.17 version:
# grep SOUND /boot/config-2.2.17 |grep -v not CONFIG_SOUND=m CONFIG_SOUND_OSS=m CONFIG_SOUND_SB=m CONFIG_SOUND_MPU401=m CONFIG_SOUND_YM3812=m CONFIG_SOUND_VMIDI=m CONFIG_SOUND_YMPCI=m CONFIG_LOWLEVEL_SOUND=y
Either CONFIG_SOUND=m or CONFIG_SOUND=yes would show that the kernel has sound support (as would simple sound output).
If none of these helps, you may wish to consider trying to use a kernel version which is closer to the module. Otherwise, try the mailing list at Linmodems.org for help.
There are a couple of possible solutions to this, neither of which may work:
If all seems lost, please see the section "Troubleshooting", below , and consider sending a message with the complete information described there to the mailing list at Linmodems.org.
If a contact address is not given above, you can in general assume that it was probably somebody on contract to the manufacturer, who probably does not have the authority the update/release/change the source code, and who probably doesn't have time to reply to your email in any case. See, for example, http://lwn.net/1999/1209/a/lucent.html
The following is quoted from one of the PCTel readme files. Thus you can choose the appropriate country code by inserting the module with a parameter as:
insmod pctel.o country_code=7(the "7" being replaced by your country code from the list below). Thanks to Jonathan Emery for pointing out the correct syntax.
Set and report country code.
This driver takes a module parameter to setup the correct country code
setting for various country's telephone networks and it also can report
back the country code been set.
Here are the two versions for country_code selection and reporting:
VERSION #1:
To set country code:
"country_sel_rep sel 7" will sets the country code to 7.
To query the driver for the currently set country code:
"country_sel_rep rep" returns the current country code as the exit code.
VERSION #2:
To set country code:
"country_sel 7" to set the country code to 7.
To query the driver for the currently set country code:
"country_rep" return the current country code as the exit code.
country_code country_name
1 USA
2 FRANCE
3 GERMANY
4 ITALY
5 SWEDEN
6 UK
7 JAPAN
8 AUSTRALIA
9 SPAIN
10 TAIWAN
11 SINGAPORE
12 KOREA
13 SWITZERLAND
14 NORWAY
15 NETHERLANDS
16 BELGIUM
17 CANADA
18 IRELAND
19 PORTUGAL
20 POLAND
21 HUNGARY
22 FINLAND
23 DENMARK
24 AUSTRIA
25 S.AFRICA
26 CTR21 COUNTRIES
27 CHINA
28 MALAYSIA
29 LUXUMBURG
30 GREECE
31 ICELAND
32 NEW ZEALAND
33 BRAZIL